英语论文格式参考范文第1篇
iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor,ms.SunYanlan,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.inthepreparationofthethesis，shehasspentmuchtimereadingthrougheachdraftandprovidedmewithinspiringadvice.withoutherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticismandexpertguidance,thepletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.
ialsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsinForeignLanguagesinstitute,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesihavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.
ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeen.
1.简短毕业论文致谢词
英语论文格式参考范文第2篇
1，求职信首先要标明信息来源，说明自己的写作意图，然后介绍自己的工作经历，学习经历，以及自己对该职业的看法和规划等，并证明自己能够胜任该职位。
2，投诉信主要写明自己投诉的原因，并展开论述该问题的具体情况和对自己造成的损失，最后表达对上述问题需要及时得到解决的强烈愿望。
3，邀请信开篇表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。然后说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。最后表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。
4，订购信开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。接着详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。最后表示对方回函以便确认。
5.询问信首先明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的`是寻求某信息或帮助。然后询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。最后表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。
同学们在写小作文的时候还要注意简化描述语言。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。
Somepeoplethinkthatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindwhattheywantandhelpthemattainit?inmyview,thismethodisgenerallynotthebestwaytoproceedinadvisingothers;itignorestheplaintruththatmanypeopledonotknowwhattheywantanddonotknowwhatisbestforthem.
mymainreasonforrejectingthistechniqueisthatpeopleveryrarelyhaveanyclearideaofwhattheywant.thisappliesnotonlytoconsumeritemssuchasclothing,carsandluxuryitemsbutalsotowhattheywantoutoflifeingeneral.infact,numerousstudieshaveshownthatmostpeoplecannotlistthetenthingstheywantmostoutoflife,evenifgivenconsiderabletimetothinkaboutit.
mysecondreasonforrejectingthismethodisthatmoreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.parentscontinuallyfacethisproblemwhenadvisingtheirchildren.Forexample,supposeachildwantstoquitschoolandgetajob.Surely,theparentswouldbederelictinhelpingtheirchildattainthiswantinsteadofconvincingthechildthatcontinuingeducationwouldbeinhisorherbestinterest.
admittedly,followingtheproposedadvisingmethodwouldresultinahighrateofcompliance,sincethepersonbeingadvisedwouldactconsistentlywithhisorherownwillbyfollowingtheadvice.However,asnotedabove,actingaccordingtowhatonewantsisnotnecessarilydesirable.proponentsofthismethodmightalsopointtocollegecounselorsasmodelsofthistechnique.However,collegecounselorsshouldnotnecessarilybeheldupasmodelsforadvisingpeoplegenerally,letaloneasmodelsforadvisingstudents.
英语论文格式参考范文第3篇
acknowledgements:
iwouldliketoexpressmysincereanddeepgratitudetomysupervisor,professorSunJisheng,forherinspiringinstructions,earnestencouragementandgreatpatienceshehasofferedtome.iwasespeciallytouchedandencouragedtohaveherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionswhenrevisingthethesis.what'smore,ilearnedfromherthespiritofrigorousscholarshipinmycontactwithherinthepastseveralmonths.
withouthersupervisionandinstruction,iwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethisthesis.
iwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetotheotherprofessorsofChinaForeignaffairsUniversityduringmytwo-yearpostgraduatestudythere.theirinstructivelectureshaveprovidedmewithanenjoyableandprofitablelearningexperienceatCFaU,whichhasgreatlyimprovedmyacademicinterestandability.
ialsoowemygratitudetomycolleaguesintheministryofForeignaffairswhereiwork.mygratitudealsogoestomydepartmentforthesupporttothislearningjourney.
myheartfeltthanksalsogotomywifeandmydaughter,whohavealwayssupportedmeduringmypostgraduatelearning,preparationfornationalqualificationexamsandthisthesiswriting.theirloveandsmileeverydayarethemostvaluablethingstomeonthisjourney.
acknowledgements:
ittakesmeawholeyeartofinishthispaper,andtheprocessisdefinitelynoteasy.
Fortunately,mysupervisor,professorZhangLei,keepsgivingmevaluableinstructionandencouragementwithhergreatpatienceandcarefulness.eachtimeisentheradraftofmypaper,shewouldnotonlycheckitsoverallstructureandlogicclosely,butalsocorrectalltheerrorswordbyword,whichhelpedmetoimprovemypapersteadilyandmademefeelmoreconfidentdaybyday.withoutherguidance,thispapercanneverbefinishedintime.andbesidesthepaperitself,professorZhangalsogavemeusefuladviceonhowtoapproachthefieldofinternationalrelationswhichwillbequiteconducivetomyfurtherstudy.therefore,iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoprofessorZhangLeiforherkindhelp.
ialsowanttothankallmyenglishteachersatChinaForeignaffairsUniversity.
Duringmytwoyears'studyoncampus,theygavemeprofessionalandpatientinstructiononenglishlearning,whichprovedtobeanecessarybasisforthewritingofthispaper.
acknowledgement:
thisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.
Firstandforemost,iwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorLvHui,forhisinvaluableinstruction,incessantinspirationandconstantencouragement.Shehasspentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.withoutheracademicguidance,icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.Herenergyandpassionforknowledgeandeducationhavehadsuchagreatinfluenceonmethatiamsuretheyalwaysremainabeaconinmyfuturecareer.
iamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,especiallytoprofessorZhangXiaoLi,ms.ShiYi,ms.meiQiong,professorSunJisheng,professorwangYan,professorSongaiqunandprofessorHeQunforeverythingihavelearnedfromthemduringthetimeatthisuniversity.
iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfriendsLiuYingandJinXiaoQingfortheirsinceresupport.
inaddition,iwishtosaythankstomyfamilyandrelatives,especiallymyelderbrotherLiuwenFeng,whogavemealotofusefulinformationforme.
intheend,i'mgratefultomymother.withoutherhelpandencouragement,iwouldneverhavefinishedthisthesisontime.
acknowledgements:
thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutconstructiveadviceandhelpfrommanypersons.
Firstandforemost,iwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorRanJijun,forhisgreatadviceandguidanceonthecontentandformatofthisthesis,whichiscriticalforrevision.
withouthisacademicguidance,icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.
iwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,especiallytoprofessorHeYinghong,professorGuoLiqiu,professorSunJisheng,professorZhangLei,professorSongaiqun,professorweiLameiandprofessorHeQunforeverythingihavelearnedfromthemduringthetwoyearsatthisuniversity.
also,theemotionalsupportfrommyparentsandmyhusbandisnolessimportantthantheacademicassistance.
intheend,iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomycolleagueswhohelpedcollectusefulreferencebooksandmaterialsforme.
acknowledgementsthisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.
First,i'dliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignaffairsUniversity,professorZhangXiaoli,whogavemealotofusefulandconstructiveadviceonmythesis.withhisprofessionalandacademicknowledge,hetaughtmehowtodoresearch,howtorevisethethesis.wheneverisenthimane-mailconcerningmythesis,herepliedsoon.Hespentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.onlyunderhisguidanceandencouragementcouldifinishthisthesis.
iamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheenglishDepartmentofChinaForeignaffairsUniversity.asateachermyself,ilearnedalotaboutinterpretation,translation,cultureandteachingmethodsfromthem,whichishelpfultomyjob.
iwishtoexpressmythankstomyleader,deanoftheDepartmentofappliedLinguistics,CapitalmedicalUniversity.Sheencouragedmeconstantlytofinishthestudy.
atlast,iwanttothankmyhusbandandotherfamilymembersandrelatives,whoshowedtheirconcernandsupportwhenipursuedmystudy.
英语论文格式参考范文第4篇
英文论文引用格式
英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!
引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一
1.参考借鉴必须注明出处
无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Helpreadersidentifyandrelocatethesourcework。
(2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;provideevidencethatthepositioniswell-researched。
此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。
例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。
2.引用形式要统一
引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。
在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。
在GoogleScholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有mLa、apa和GB/t7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。
此外，国际标准化组织(iSo)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准iSo690:(informationanddocumentation--Guidelinesforbibliographicreferencesandcitationstoinformationresources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。
文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。
目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。
各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。
在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即theBluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。
此外，apa、martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下theBluebook、apa、martin的基本情况。
1、theBluebook文献引用格式
theBluebook的英文全称为theBluebook:aUniformSystemofCitation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。
在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(theBluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。
蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。
蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。
蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。
当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。
theBluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。
在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。
英语论文格式参考范文第5篇
1.标题
即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。
XXXX
(标题：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写;别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“timesnewRoman”)
XX学院XX级
学号XXXXX辅导老师：XXX
2.摘要
摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。
【abstract】XXXX……
(英文摘要：上空二行;标题选用五号“timesnewRoman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号;选用五号“timesnewRoman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。)
3.要害字
是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。
【Keywords】XX;XX;XX;XX
(英文要害字：标题选用五号“timesnewRoman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号，
选用五号“timesnewRoman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格;最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号;单倍行距。)
4.正文
英语论文格式参考范文第6篇
1.正反观点式议论文模板
导入：
第1段：Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...（导入话题）
ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.（观点有分歧）
正文：
第2段：mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.（正方观点）
Herearethereasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.（反方观点）
theirreasonsareasfollows.inthefirstplace...what’smore...inaddition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)
结论：
第4段：personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soisupportit.（个人观点）オ
2.“a或者B”类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：SomepeopleholdtheopinionthataissuperiortoBinmanyways.others,however,arguethatBismuchbetter.personally,iwouldpreferabecauseithinkahasmoreadvantages.
正文：
第2段：therearemanyreasonswhyiprefera.themainreasonisthat...anotherreasonisthat...(赞同a的原因)
第3段:ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2个B的优势)
结论：
第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,aismuchbetterthanB.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...(得出结论)オ
3.观点论述类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
asastudent,iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.（亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）
thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.（过渡句，承上启下）
正文：
第2段：Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)
结论：
第3段：inconclusion,ibelievethat...（照应第1段，构成xxx总—分—总xxx结构）
toxxx类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文：
第2段：manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingmaybemosteffective.Firstofall...anotherwaytosolvetheproblemis...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)
结论：
第3段：thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeactionto...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
英语论文格式参考范文第7篇
idiomsuniversallyexistineverylanguage.anidiomisawordoranexpressionthatcannotbeliterallytranslatedfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguagebecauseitsidiomaticmeaningcannotbeunderstoodbyliterallydefiningitscomponentparts.(Background)inabroadsense,idiomscontainsetphrases,proverbs,colloquialisms,slangs,maxims,allusions,etc.(YinLi,2007:9)inChinese,theyalsoincludeenigmaticfolksimiles.newmark,aBritishtranslationtheorist,inhisworkatextbookoftranslation,said,_idefineasculturethewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression._(previousresearch)englishidiomsderivesfromenglishculturesanddailylife.inrealcontext,idiomsexplainthemselves:ninetimesoutoftentheycarrytheirownexplanations.ifweareunawareofthese,wewillfindourselvesinastateofconfusionsincewewillassignliteralmeaningtothem.theChineseidioms,especiallythefour-characteridioms,havetheirownuniqueoriginswhicharecloselycorrelativetotheChinesehistoryandcultures.inviewofthedifficultiesinunderstandingidioms,weshouldpaydueattentionandeffortstounderstandtheirculturesandcustoms.thisthesisisdesignedtodigintotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandenglishandthenelaboratesonthetranslationtheoriesappliedtoidioms.(Subject+method)
英语论文格式参考范文第8篇
abstract
Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeveryimportant.iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherpartysculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.
Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact
Contents
1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
thedefinitionofculture……………………………………..............….....4
thecausesofculturaldifferences……………………………..………......4
Geographicaldifferences………………………..………………....….....4
ethnicdifferences…………………………..………………....................4
politicaldifferences…………………………..………….………….…...4
economicdifferences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religiousdifferences……………………………………..………….......4
theconceptofdifference…………………………………...……….......5
importanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communicationprocess……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
negotiatingstyle…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…....8
ConceptofCollective…………………………………………………....8
Conceptoftime……………………………………………………….....8
3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……………………..…………………………………………........9
tolearnmoreabouttheformerinthenegotiationsoftheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise………...…………………..……………….…..9
inthenegotiationsnecessarytocorrectlyhandletheculturaldifferences………………………………………………………………...9
negotiationstodoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4.References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Businessnegotiationininterpersonalrelationshipsasaspecialform,relatetodifferentgeographical,ethnic,socialandculturalexchangesandcontacts,whichhavetakenplaceincross-culturalnegotiations.incross-culturalnegotiations,thedifferentgeographical,ethnic,culturaldifferenceswillaffectthethinkingofthosenegotiations,thenegotiationstyleandbehavior,thusaffectingtheentirenegotiationprocess.therefore,toengageinbusinessactivities,especiallyforthecross-borderbusinessactivitiesmustunderstandandmasterthelinksbetweendifferentculturesanddifferences.Conductingnegotiationswiththeorganization,alsohavetounderstandthatculturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiations,onlythefaceofsuchapositiveimpactonthedesiredobjectivescanbeachieved.
1.Culturaldifferences
thedefinitionofculture
nationalcultureisacountry-specificconceptsandvaluesystems,whichconstitutetheconceptofpeopleslivesandworkbehavior.thenationsoftheworldasaresultofspecifichistoricalandgeographicalandgraduallyformeditsownuniqueculturaltraditionsandculturalpatterns.asthedifferenceofChineseandwesterntraditionalcustoms,values,religiousbeliefs,differentwaysofthinking,etc,makingthedifferentperformanceofChineseandwesterncultures.
thecausesofculturaldifferences
Culturaldiversitycausedbymanyreasons,tosumup,themainsourceofculturaldifferencesareinthefollowingareas:
geographicaldifferences
Referstothegeographicaldifferencesindifferentgeographicregionsduetothegeographicalenvironment,thelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtraditionaldifferencesinhabits,peopleoftenhavedifferentlanguage,lifestyleandhobbies.andthesewillaffecttheirbehavior.Forexample,thewestandtheamericanpeopleinsomecountriestreatChristmasimportant,butinareassuchasneartheequatordonothavesnowalltheyearround,thepeopleofsomeafricancountriesmaynothavetheconceptofChristmasbecausethebestmodifiedChristmasissnow,astothepeopleintheregionthatarenotlong-termsnow,thereislittleconcentrationofChristmasthanamericanStates.
nationaldifferences
ethnicdifferencesisthedifferentethnicgroupsinthedevelopmentoflong-termprocess,theformationoftheirownlanguage,customsandpreferences,habits.theirdiet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeoftheirowncharacteristics.takethehistoryofourcountryandourHunHan,theXiongnupeoplearevaliant,characteristicsoftypicalnomads.andwetametheHancharacter,thetypicalcharacteristicsoffarmingnation.whichledtotheHunsinthediet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifearedifferentwithHan.
thepoliticaldifferences
politicaldifferencesareduetothepoliticalsystemandthepoliciesandregulationsonpeoplesbehaviorwiththeroleofastandardized,sothatallpeoplesinthepoliticalaspectsontheconceptoftheexistencearedifferences.taketheUnitedStatesandFranceasexample,theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionthepowersofthepresidentofthesevererestrictionsonthetwomajorpowerswithotherinstitutionsofCongressandtheSupremeCourtofstrongconstraints.whileFrancealsohadtosetwasreadytoroyalistrestorationofthemonarchyofthethirdRepublictoamendtheConstitutionalittlefurtherexpandthepowersofthepresident.
economicdisparities
economicdifferencesareresultoftheeconomicfactorsofareflectionofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thepeopleinthewesterndevelopedcountriesarerichlivesandhighlevelofeducation,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoflife,securitymeansmoregenerally.andeconomicbackwardnessofthethirdworld,peoplecaremoreaboutfoodandclothing.
religiousdifferences
Religionisthedevelopmentofhumansocietytoacertainstageofhistoricalphenomenon,Religionhasitsown(Catholic)majorepidemicinwesterneuropeandSouthamerican;islamisthescopeofthewholeofthemiddleeastandnorthafrica.Buddhismismoreprevalentinasiancountries.theworldhasthreemajorreligions:Christianity,Buddhismandislam.Christian(protestant)ismajorepidemicinnortherneurope,northamericaandaustralia;peopleinmanypartsofasiabelieveinBuddhist.Differentreligionshavedifferentculturaltendenciesandprecepts,whichaffectthewayofpeopleunderstandthings,codesofconductandvalues.
theconceptofValuesdifference
Valuesaremeansofobjectiveevaluationcriteriaofthings.itincludestheconceptoftime,wealth,theattitudetowardslife,theattitudetoriskandsoon.Differentsocieties’peopletothesamethingsandproblemswillcometodifferentandevenoppositeconclusions.
Geographicaldifferences,ethnicdifferences,politicaldifferences,economicdifferences,religiousdifferencesanddifferencesinconceptshavetheimpactonpeoplespenetrationinthefood,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeinallitsaspects.thusaffectingpeoplesbehavior,values,religiousbeliefsandmodesofthoughthavealotofdifference,Finallyhasformedthevariouscountriesandareasofculturaldifferences.
culturaldifferencesontheimportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiations
practiceinthenegotiations,manynegotiatorsoftendonotunderstand,ortooknoteoftheculturalimportanceofthesignificantimpactonnegotiations.negotiatingpartiesforforeignculture,somenegotiatorsmayhavenoticedsomeoftheothernegotiations,“different”or“hardtounderstand”theconcretemanifestationofnegotiations,butthatisnotimportant.Somepeopleblindlybelievethatnegotiationistheuseofforeign-relatedfactsandfigurestospeak,andthefactsanddataarecommon.Similarly,someforeigncountries’negotiatorstonegotiationswitheachothertomaintainharmoniousrelations,theywillnoticethesimilaritiesbetweenbothcultures,whileignoringtheirdifferences.Letslookatanexample.
in1992,negotiatorsfromChinaandother12expertsofdifferentprofessionstoformadelegationtotheUnitedStatespurchasesabout30million.dollarsofchemicalequipmentandtechnology.theUSnaturallydoeseverythingpossibletosatisfythem.oneofthemisnegotiationsinthefirstroundofthedelegationsenttoeachofthemasmallsouvenir.theSouvenirspackagingisveryparticularisabeautifulredbox,redforadvanced.Butwhenthedelegationwaspleasedtoopentheboxwhenface-to-faceinaccordancewiththeamericans,everyonesfaceappearsverynotthenatureactually--thereisagolfcap,butthecolorisgreen.americanbusinessmansintentionis:aftersigningthecontract,andeveryonetoplaygolf.Buttheydon’tknowthe“beacuckold”isthebiggesttabooinChinesemen.Finallythedelegationdidnotsignthecontract,notbecausetheamericans“insult”people,butbecausetheyworkcareless,andevendon’tknowthecommonsensethatChinesementaboo“beacuckold”.Howcanwefeelfreetotensofmillionsofdollarsprojecttothem?itcanbeseenthatthefailureoftheamericansnegotiationisduetotheydonotunderstandtheChineseculture.
Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanlearninbusinessnegotiations,ifwedonotattachimportancetoeachothersculturaldifferences,thenegotiationsarelikelytoleadtofailure.
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations
theimpactofcultureonnegotiationsisextensiveandprofound,anddifferentcultureswillnaturallydividedpeopleintodifferentgroups,thisregion,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectivegroupsarebringingpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupstendtoalienateeachother;ontheotherhand,differentculturalcommunicationandexchangesbetweenpeoplearealsoobstacles.therefore,therequirementsofthenegotiatorstoaccepteachothersculture,butalsobyculturaldifferences,unmistakablyrevealsthatthepurposeofunderstandingofeachothersbehavior,andtheyhavebeenacceptedbytheotherparty,andultimatelyreachaconsensusagreement.
overall,theimpactonculturenegotiationsareinfollowingseveralaspects:
thecommunicationprocess
Culturaldifferencesonthecommunicationprocessofthenegotiations,firstofallistheperformanceofthecommunicationlanguageinthenegotiationprocess.Languageisabridgeofanycountry,anyregionandanynation.Statescompanies,individualstoconductbusinessnegotiations,wemustfirsthavethelanguagetothis.thedifferenceslanguageofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisthemostdirectandclear.SuchasChinas“whiteelephant”brandbatteries,totheenglish“whiteelephant”itwouldcausebadassociations.
Becausethe“whiteelephant”inadditiontothenameofanimalsthathavetwomeanings:“theownerdidnotuse,butmaybeusefultoothers;donotreusethings.”Solvethelanguageproblemisverysimple,youcanhireatranslatororuseacommonthirdlanguagetotalk.whilethenegotiatorsofthelanguageusedinavarietyofcultureswithhigherfitness,butnomatterwhat,thedifferenceisobvious.SuchasJapan,BrazilandFranceCulture,theJapanesestyleofbusinesscommunicationisthemostpolite,morepositivecommitmenttotheuseofrecommendedandguarantees,andlessuseofthreats,commandsandwarningsoffreedomofspeech,theirmannersofspeechstyle,themostprominentisthattheydonotoftenuse“no”,“you”andfacialgaze,buttomaintainaperiodofsilence;Brazilianbusinessmentouse“no”and“you”atthehigherfrequency,theirnegotiationstyleseemsmorepresumptuous,anditseemsnotlonelyinthenegotiations,togazeateachotherandtoucheachotherfromtimetotime;Frenchbusinessmennegotiatingstyleisallthemostpresumptuous,inparticular,theiruseofthreatsandwarningsatthehighestfrequency,inaddition,theyarestillveryfrequentuseofinterrupted,facialgaze,aswellas“no”and“you”.itcanbeseen,onlytoclarifythesedifferencesthatcanavoidthereticentJapanese,BrazilianoverenthusiasmortheFrench’smisunderstandingofthethreat,whichachievedthesuccessofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.
Culturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiationprocessnotonlyintheprocessoflanguagecommunication,butalsointheprocessofnon-verbalcommunication.Culturaldifferenceswillleadtodifferentcountriesorregionsinthebodylanguageofnegotiations,theuseofactionlanguagesignificantlydifferent,oreventhesamelanguageofactionisdiametricallyopposedtothetransferofinformation.Forexample,thevastmajorityofcountriesareinfavorofnodhisheadforagree.Butinindia,nepalandothercountriesthatarecertainlyshakinghishead,thatis,shakinghisheadandsmiling,thatispositivemeaning,somepeoplejustdoitdiagonallyontheriseisstillagoodway,somepeopleareapopulationfrequencysaid“Youareright!Youareright!”butacontinuouslyshakinghishead,oftenmakeothersdonotknowitstruepsychologicalandfullofdoubt.Butnegotiatorsshape,movement,language,awarenessanduseofthedifferences,alsocreateanobstacleforthenegotiationsincommunication.
Culturaldifferencesalsocanleadtothenegotiatorsofthedifferencesincommunication.peopleofdifferentcultureshavetheirpreferencesandhabitsofcommunicationandcross-culturalnegotiationsinthenegotiatingpartiesoftenbelongtodifferentcultures,havetheirowncustomarymeansofcommunication.accustomedtodifferentmeansofcommunicationbetweenthepartiestoconductamoredepthincommunication,oftencauseawiderangeofissues.Fromcountrieswithahighcultureofthenegotiatorsandthosefromcountrieswithlowcultureofthenegotiatorsmaybeindifferentwaysofexpressionduringthenegotiationprocess.Fromcountrieswithahighcultureofthenegotiatorsmaybechoseneuphemism,indirectwaystoexpresstheirmeaning.whilefromlowcultureofthenegotiatorspreferenceforusingoralexpressiontonegotiate,directorreceiveaclearmessage,straightforwardmeanstoexpressthemselves.thesetwonegotiatorsfromdifferentculturesduringthenegotiations,thepartythinktheothersideisoftentoorough,whiletheothermaythinkthattheothersidelackofgoodfaithinnegotiations,ormisunderstandingthesilenceofeachothersconditionsforitsapproval.
thenegotiationstyle
thenegotiationstyleisthemainbearingandtheattitudewhichdisplaysinthenegotiationsactivities.thestyleofnegotiationsinthecourseofnegotiators’behavior,conductandcontrolofthenegotiationprocessofthemethodandmeans.negotiatorsnegotiationsStylewithadeepculturalstigma.CulturenotonlydeterminestheethicsCodeofethicsfornegotiators,butalsoaffectsthewayofthinkingnegotiators’behaviorandpersonality,sothatmakethenegotiatorsofdifferentculturalbackgroundsformaverydifferentstyleofnegotiation.negotiatingstyleofthenegotiationprocessforthenegotiationsbetweenthetwosidesapproachtherelationship,contacts,andeventhestructureofthenegotiationshasadirectimpact.
adheretoculturaldifferences,negotiatingstylescanbedividedintotwotypes:thenegotiationstyleoforientalandwesternstylenegotiations.orientalstyleisbasedonnegotiationsasthebackgroundoforientalcultureofasiancountriesnegotiationstyles,withJapan,SouthKoreaforatypicalrepresentative:
Japanesebusinessmenareconservative,attentiontostatus-oriented,creditandtheinitialcooperation,co-dependentrelationshipbetweenstressandgoodatnegotiating.Japaneseattachedgreatimportancetothenegotiationsinthetransactiontoestablishharmoniousinterpersonalrelationships.iftherehadbeencontactswithJapanese,beforethenegotiationsshouldberecallthepastexchangesandfriendshipbetweenthetwosides,whichwillbebeneficialtothenextnegotiations.theydidnotsupportandhabitthedirect,purelycommercialactivities.ifitisthefirsttimetoestablishtraderelationswithJapanese,thepartyresponsibleforhigherstatusinchargevisitsinoppositepartyenterpriseatthesamelevelstatuspersoninchargeisextremelyimportant,itattachedgreatimportancetoJapanesecompaniesandthetradingrelationshipwithyou.whennegotiationswithJapan,it’sthebesttosendstaffrankandstatusathigh-levelthantheotherside.thiswillfacilitatetheconductofthetalks.itshouldalsobenotedthatJapanesewomensstatusinsocietyislower,generallytheynotallowedtoparticipateintheoperationandmanagementoflargecompaniesactivities,theJapanesearealsoinanumberofimportantoccasionsofnon-female.therefore,whenencounteredformalnegotiationsgenerallynotappropriatetoallowwomentoparticipatein,orelsetheymaybeskeptical,andevenexpresseddissatisfaction.
Koreancharacterstubborn,oftenstucktotheirownviewsinthenegotiationsandwillnoteasilycompromise.inthiscasewemustgraspthestrategy,itisnecessarytoadheretoargue,butalsocommonsensetomasteracertainsenseofpropriety,andsometimesalsoneedtobepatient.ontheotherhand,SouthKoreainthenegotiationsseldomtoexpresstheviewsdirectly,oftenneedtheothersidetotrytofigureout,inordertoaccuratelyunderstandthemeaningofeachother,SouthKoreamayaskthesamequestionrepeatedly,sothatwhenmakingdecisionstoensurethecorrectness.andSouthKoreasignedacontractdoesnotmeanthattheirsuccesswillnotbechanged,forotherreasonstheywouldseektoamendorre-startnegotiationswithyou.
western-typestyleofnegotiationisbasedonwesterncultureofeuropeandtheUnitedStatesasthebackgroundstyleofnegotiations.themainrepresentativesaretheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdom.
americansoftentalkabout“BusinessisBusiness”(businesstothebusiness)meansdoingbusinessneedtonotrecognizeonesownclosestrelatives,insistontheprincipleofthingsnotforpeople.“timeismoney”,“moneyiseverything”istheunswervingcredoofamerican.theirbusinessactivitiesisoftenstraightforward,beanxiousforsuccess,businesscamestraighttothepoint,theyalwayspickingupthephonetotalk,sitdownandgetstraighttothepoint,theycalculatetheprogressbythehourandthenumberofdays,theiropponentsoftenfeelpressurefromthem.americanbusinessmendonotliketheuseanagentorparticipateinnegotiationswiththeconsultant,giveotherstheimpressionthattheycansayonbehalfofthecompany.theyliketositdowntodobusinessimmediately.inaddition,theUnitedStatesbusinessmenattachedgreatimportancetoeconomicbenefits,theyhaveaslangcalled:“BangforBuck”,thatis,withminimumcapitalinvestmenttoobtainthegreatestbenefit.
Britishmerchantsengagedincommercialactivitiespaymoreattentiontoinformaltradersthanothercountriesintheworld,butalsomoreconservative.eventoday,theworldhasenteredtheelectronicinformationage,intheUKbytelephonetotalkaboutbusinessisunacceptable.Britishbusinessmenaremorewillingtomakefullpreparationsinadvance,andthenface-to-facetalks.aslongastheydonotbelievethatthedetailsofasettlementwillnotsolve,theywillneversign,allmusthavetodoasrule.asaresultoftheBritishverygreatimportancetotheposition,thetitleisalsoveryimportanttothem.therefore,theselectionstatusofthepersonasabrokerofhighlyinfluentialbusiness,politicalforcesandtheroleoftradeunionsinthebusinessalsocannotbeneglected.
ofcourse,italsomustpayattentiontotheactualnegotiationsprocess,althoughthesameculturalbackgroundofthenegotiators,thetalkstherewasacleardifference,butsubjecttosub-culture,aswellasotherfactors,thesameculturalbackgroundofindividualnegotiators,thenegotiationsstylecanbeverydifferent.
Culturalvalues
Culturalvaluesismeasuretheconsequencesofpeoplesbehaviorandstandards.theyaffectingthewayofpeopleunderstandingtheproblemsandwillgiverisetoastrongemotionalimpact.indifferentcultures,valueswillbeverydifferent.Cultureinaveryappropriatebehaviorinanotherculturemaybeseenasimmoral.Forexample,americansbelievethatnepotismisimmoral,howeveritasanobligationatthemajorityofLatinamericanculture.therefore,theUnderstandingofacertainsocietyinpopularaswellastheseideasinthepersonalbehaviorthedegreewhichrespectsisveryimportant.ourdiscussionsherewillfocusonthoseactivitiesisessentialtounderstandthesocio-economicvalues,morespecifically,istheseforpromotethecross-culturalcommunicativecompetenceandthevaluesisworthnoting.
ethics
Chinahasheavierethics.“acquaintance”and“relationship”hasitsownspecialmeaningandsignificance,oncetherelationshavebeenestablished,thetwosideshavebecomeacquaintancesorfriends,andgenerousconcessionstohelpthesituationappear,andthedegreeoftrustandtolerancewillbeimproved,sotheChinesepeoplehavemoreoralagreement.americansisnotthecase,theydonotpayattentiontocultivatingthefeelingsofbothsides,andattemptstoseparatebusinessandfriendship.todealwiththeproblem,oftenusedthelegalmeans,lawyerscomeforwardtosolvetheproblemiscommon,itisflexibleandnotrigid,weshouldclearlyrecognizethispoint.However,oncesignthecontract,theyareverymuchfocusedonthelegalcontract,theperformanceofthecontractishigher.theChinesedelegationtothewest,maybealongtimenoonecouldentertain,andthismisunderstandingofthepeoplearenotinterestedintheirvisit;europeanscometoChina,nomatterwhattheydomayfindthattherearepeoplewhoaccompanied,andthismisunderstandingofthepeoplelackoftrustinthem.offoreignvisitors,aseniorcaretoomuch,nottomentiondinner,oftenmistakenlybelievethatthisexpressedhiscompanysproductsorhaveapreference,thisinfactistheChinesehospitality,thiscanleadtosubsequentdisappointment,andevencomplain.
awareness
inthecourseoftheChineseandwesternculturaltraditionsanddifferentculturalvalues,onthenegotiationsissuestendtohaveaconfrontationormisunderstanding.Chinasnationalcharacterhasaveryremarkablephenomenon,thatisSettlesonthefaceorthedignity.atthenegotiatingtable,ifmakeachoicefrom“decent”and“interest”,boththeChinesepeoplewilloftenchooseto“decent.”whydotheChinesepeoplewanttosavefaceatallcosts?BecauseoftheideologicalcoreofChinesecultureisagroupconsciousness.inaccordancewiththesensethateachoneisnotaseparateperson,butlivinginacertainsocialrelations,andnofacewillnotthefaceofothers,thereisnofaceonthepeopleandwillnotbeabletoliveinthesocialandgrouplife,andmayevenbeabandonedbysocietyandthegroups.Butnotlikewesterners,theyvaluetheinterestsofnegotiations,theywillnothesitatetochooseinterestfrom“decent”and“interest”ofthetwo.Chinesepeopleregardingnegotiationsresultwhethercanbringhonorfortheirface,looksextremelyimportant,aswellassomewesternnegotiatorsintheirworkscautionedChinainthetalks,wemustnotethatuseofChinasnationalcharacter.itisclearthatonlyacorrectunderstandingandproperlygrasptheexistenceofChineseandwesterndifferencesinnationalcharacter,caneffectivelyhelpusinatimelymannertocorrectourownshortcomingsandstrengthenourownadvantagesanduseofothersshortcomingstocollapseofothersstrengths.
theconceptofcollective
Chinasconceptofcollectiveastrongeremphasisoncollectiveresponsibility,thereforethenegotiationspatternbasicallyisthecollective,buttomakethefinaldecisionsareadecisiveone,andeventhedecisiveonesimplyhasnotenteredthestage.thisisknownastheculturalexpertsof“highfromtherighttoculture”,intheeventofdifficultissuesmorecomplicated,thenegotiatorsonthedifficultdecisions;andthewesterncultureofJuristswhichwasreferredtoas“lowfromtherighttoculture”,onthesurfaceisoneortwopeopleout,negotiatorshavebeengiventheappropriatepermissions,orassistedinitsdecision-makingthink-tank,whichinthenegotiations,thesoleresponsibilityofthenegotiationswereheavier,higherandmoreflexible.
theconceptoftime
Conceptoftimeandhowitdecidedthepeoplesactionplanforinternationalbusinessnegotiationshasabroadimpactoftheinvisible.thedailynegotiationsbehaviormanifestsobservesthedifferenceaspectoftimemaybeisthemostobviousresultsoftheperformance.Jewishbusinessmenattachedgreatimportanceoftime.theyalwaysbelievethattimeisnotmoney,timeandgoods,isthecapitaltomakemoney.moneycanborrow,buttimecannotbeborrowed,thetimeismorevaluablethanmoney.awealthyJewishincomeof200,000USdollarsmonthlyhavebeenconsideredsuchanaccount:hisdailywageis81000dollars,thenabout17.dollarsperminute.ifhehadbeendisturbedandwaste5minutes,thenistheequivalentofstolen85.dollarsincash.StrongconceptoftimeimprovedtheefficiencyoftheJews,theyareoftenatworkinsecondsandeverysecondcounts.ontheJewishpeople,neverappearleaveearly,late,ortostallfortimeandsoon.inthebusinessactivitiesoftheJews“Uninvitedguest”isalmostasthesameasthe“unwelcomeperson”,becauseuninvitedguestswilldisruptthetimingoftheoriginal,andwasteeverybodystime.ForthetimeextremelymeanoftheJewish,inthetimetodiscusstheconceptoftimeisstronger.BeforeJewsinthenegotiations,thetimemusthavebeenagreement.theyagreednotonlyinacertainperiodofaday,butalsoappointment“fromthestartingpointstoafewminutestotalkabout.”Duringthemeeting,inadditiontopolitegreetingsoutside,theJewsimmediatelytodiscussbusiness,thisishavegoodmannersandgoodperformance,atthesametimethatmeanrespectofeachother.
3.howtodealwiththeculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiations
onlyrecognizeandaccommodateculturaldifferencescantakethewholeprocessofnegotiationsinresponsetocountermeasures,includingbeforethenegotiationsthatmayariseculturaldifferences,correctlyhandletheculturaldifferencesonnegotiations,doagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferencesafternegotiations.
beforethenegotiationstounderstandtheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise
itisessentialtounderstandculturaldifferencesbeforenegotiations.preparatoryworkfornegotiationsinclude:thebackgroundofnegotiationsandassessmentofthesituation,toverifythefactthenegotiationprocess,theagenda,thebeststrategyoptionsandconcessions.thebackgroundofthenegotiationsalsoincludethelocation,sitelayout,bargainingunit,theSenateonthenumberoflisteners,thechannelsofcommunicationandthetimelimitofnegotiations.allthesepreparationsmustbetakenintoaccountpossibleofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thevenuelayoutofculturaldifferencesmayhaveaslightlyaffectedofthecooperation.inthecultureofheavierhierarchy,iftheroomarrangementimproper,morecasually,itcouldleadtoanxietyandevenangeroftheotherside.
inaddition,negotiationsstylesareduetoculturedifferences.americanculturetendtoworktogether“tofinalizeanagreement”;andJapaneseculturelikestotalkwitheveryoneseparately,ifeveryoneagrees,thenarrangesabroaderscopediscussion;theRussianpeoplelikeatotalapproach,andonetotalkabouttosettleanagreement,andthenthefrontofthetwopartiesinviteathirdparty,socontinue.
timelimitforthecontrolofthenegotiationsisalsoveryimportant.Differentcultureshavedifferentconceptsoftime.Suchasnorthamerica,theconceptoftimeisastrongculture,foramericans,timeismoney.thecultureofthemiddleeastandLatinamericawasrelativelyweakconceptoftime,intheirview,timeshouldbeenjoyed.thus,ininternationalbusinessnegotiations,theconceptoftimedifferencesshouldbeprepared.
correcthandlingofculturaldifferencesinthenegotiations
Firstofall,thechoiceoflanguageanduseinthenegotiations,forthewesterncountries,wemusttaketheexchange-orientedapproach,assimpleclearaspossible,andfrankexpressionofhisownideas,notambiguousandvague.Forexample,americanslikeargued,languagehasaconfrontational,drastictone,theythinkthatarguednotonlytherighttoexpresshispersonalviews,butalsoconducivetoproblem-solving,divergentpointsofviewwillnotaffecttheinterpersonalrelationships.intheorientalculture,inordertopreservethefacesidesofothers,thefacegroupsorotherpeoplesface,frequentuseofambiguousandindirectlanguage.eveniftheydisagreewithothersviews,itsraretoberejectedorrefuteddirectly,butrathertortuousstatementofhisviews,ortoshowembarrassment.thevaluesof“Harmony”istheChinesepeopletocreateanatmosphereofharmonyasanimportantmeansofnegotiations,inthenegotiatingprocess,theytrytoavoidfriction,andfriendshipfirst,theypursuedbyapermanentlong-termfriendshipandcooperation.
Secondly,themethodinthenegotiations,totheUnitedStatesasanexample,asaresultoftheorientalmodeofthinkingistheoverallorientation,theiruseinthenegotiationsisthatfromtheoveralltolocal,descendingfromgeneraltospecific,thatis,firstreachaconsensusofgeneralprinciples,andthenusethistoguidespecificprogramstosolvetheproblem.theydonothaveanobvioussequenceofpoints,usuallyuntiltheendofthenegotiations,allissueswillbemadeinconcessionsandcommitmentsinordertoreachanagreement.Duetotheimpactmodeofthinking,westernersanalysisthemostimportantthingsintheirlogicalrelationshipbetweenthere-specificthanthewhole,atthebeginningofnegotiations,theyhurrytotalkaboutthespecificterms.therefore,weoftenresolvetheprice,delivery,warrantiesandservicecontractsandotherissuesattimes,solveeachproblem,thereareconcessionsandcommitmentsfromstarttofinish,thefinalagreementisthesumofaseriessmallagreements.
todoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferencesafternegotiations
Relatedtocontractmanagementandfollow-uptotheexchangeofmanagementbehaviorafternegotiations,firstascontract,inwhichtherelationshipbetweenpeople-orientedcountriessuchasChina,toresolvetheirdisputesoftendonotrelysolelyonthelegalsystem,andoftenrelyonthetwosidesrelations.inthesecultures,awrittencontractisveryshort,itmainlyusedtodescribetherespectiveresponsibilitiesofbusinesspartners.westerncountriessuchastheamericanculture,theygenerallywillregardthecontractsigningceremonyasnotonlyawasteoftimebutalsoawasteofmoney,sothecontractisoftensignedbysendmail.exchangeonthefollow-up,theamericanculturalemphasisonthe“distinctionbetweenpeopleandthings”,sotheydidnotpayattentiontofollow-upexchanges.orientalcultureincountriessuchasJapan,keepthemajorityofthefollow-upofforeignexchangecustomersasinternationalbusinesswasanimportantpartofthenegotiations.theysignedthecontractafteralongtime,theywillalsocarryoutasletters,pictures,andexchangevisits.
theaboveanalysisoftheculturaldifferencesandtheirimpactoninternationalbusinessnegotiations,anybusinessmenengagedincross-culturalactivitiesshouldbehighlypriority.aculturaldifferenceisanobjectivereality,theattitudeofindividualsorgroupstendtodeterminetheroleofculturaldifferences,itcanexaggeratetheculturaldifferencesandalsoreducethebarrierwhichcausestheculturaldifferencetothelowestpoint.peopleincross-culturalbusinessnegotiations,ifabletoovercomeculturalbarriers,tounderstand,doastheRomansdo,learningtostandonotherpeoplespointtothink,thatwecanpromotemutualunderstandingandworktogethertoadaptthetwosidesandcreateaneconomicandculturalenvironment,sothatwecansuccess.
4.References
[1]CaoLingeditor:“Businessenglishnegotiations,”ForeignLanguageteachingandResearchpress,
[2]XieXiaoyingeditor:“Businessenglishnegotiations”,ChinaBusinesspress,
[3]QiuGejia,YangGuojuneditor:“win-winnegotiationsofmodernbusinessenglish”,ChinainternationalRadiopress,
[4]wengFengxiangedited:“anintroductiontointernationalBusiness”,tsinghuaUniversitypress/BeijingJiaotongUniversitypress,2006
[5]williamHamptonwith:“Jewishbusinessmeninbusinessstart-upexperienceandwisdom,”translatedZhengping,HarbinpublishingHouse,
英语论文格式参考范文第9篇
thechartgivesusanoverallpictureofthe图表主题.thefirstthingwenoticeisthat图表最大特点.thismeansthatas(进一步说明).
wecanseefromthestatisticsgiventhat图表细节一.after动词-ing细节一中的第一个变化，the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化).thefiguresalsotellusthat图表细节二.inthecolumn,wecanseethataccountsfor(进一步描述).
Judgingfromthesefigures,wecandrawtheconclusionthat(结论).thereasonforthis,asfarasiamconcernedisthat(给出原因)./itishightimethatwe(发出倡议).
五、图画类写作模板：
1.开头
Lookatthispicture./thepictureshowsthat.../Fromthispicture,wecansee.../asisshowninthepicture.../asisseeninthepicture...
2.衔接句
asweallknow,.../asisknowntoall,.../itiswellknownthat.../inmyopinion,.../asfarasiamconcerned,.../thissightremindsmeofsomethinginmydailylife.
3.结尾句
inconclusion.../inbrief.../onthewhole.../inshort.../inaword.../Generallyspeaking.../ashasbeenstated...
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写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。
英语论文格式参考范文第10篇
英文论文字体格式
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英文论文范文
implicationofCulturalDifferencesoninternationalBusinessnegotiations
abstract
Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshave
becomeveryimportant.iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherparty'sculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.
Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact
Contents
1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
thedefinitionofculture……………………………………..............….....4
thecausesofculturaldifferences……………………………..………......4
Geographicaldifferences………………………..………………....….....4
ethnicdifferences…………………………..………………....................4
politicaldifferences…………………………..………….………….…...4
economicdifferences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religiousdifferences……………………………………..………….......4
theconceptofdifference…………………………………...……….......5
importanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communicationprocess……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
negotiatingstyle…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…....8
ConceptofCollective…………………………………………………....8
Conceptoftime……………………………………………………….....8
3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……………………..…………………………………………........9
英语论文格式参考范文第11篇
1.议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
①“一分为二”的观点。如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
②“两者选一”的'观点。如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”
③“我认为……”型。如“你对课外阅读的看法”
④“怎样……（howto）”型。如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。
⑤图表作文。通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。
按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作。在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利。论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点。反之亦然。
在第②种类型中，命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：
a.要么支持a，要么支持b;
b.a、b优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a,在什么条件选b。
下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.
2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式
whatislifeabout?wepushveryhardeverydaytomakemoremoney,togainpowerandrecognition.
weneglectourhealth,timewithourfamilyandtoappreciatethesurroundingbeautyandthehobbieswelovetodo.onedaywhenwelookback,wewillrealizethatwedon‘treallyneedthatmuch,butthenwecannotturnbacktimeforwhatwehavemissed.
Lifeisnotaboutmakingmoney,acquiringpowerorrecognition.Lifeisdefinitelynotaboutwork!workisonlynecessarytokeepuslivingsoastoenjoythebeautyandpleasuresoflife.
Lifeisabalanceofworkandplay,familyandpersonaltime.Youhavetodecidehowyouwanttobalanceyouryourpriorities,realizewhatyouareabletocompromisebutalwaysletsomeofyourdecisionsbebasedonyourinstincts.
Happinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife,thewholeaimofhumanexistence.So,takeiteasy,dowhatyouwanttodoandappreciatenature.Lifeisfragile.Lifeisshort.Donottakelifeforgranted.Liveabalancedlifestyleandenjoylife!
Behindeverygreatachievementinanyone'slifeliesperseverance.weseethisineveryhumanendeavour.outstandingsportsmenspendalltheirtimepractising.theirenduranceisbeyondimagination.thesameistrueofbusinessmenwhobuildupfortunes.whatweusuallyseearetheirachievements,butoncewegobehindthesceneswewillfindthattheyhaveputinalotofcontinualsteadyefforts.weallhavereadofgreatmusicians,writersandinventorswhohavecreatedordiscoveredbreakthroughsinhumanachievement.invariablytheyhavesaidthattheyowealltheirsuccesstoperseverance.astocollegestudents,quiteabignumberofthen,havebecomesuccessfullanguagelearnersthroughperseverance,however,acertaingroupofthen,juststophalfwayandtheirpreviouseffortsturnouttobefruitless.
ofallthecountlessexamplesthesagaofColonelSaundersisperhapsoneofthemostoutstanding.the65-year-oldmanfromKentuckyhadadreamtostartachainoffriedchickenrestaurantsallovertheworld.torealizehisdream,heknewthatheneededarestaurantownertogointopartnershipwithhimtoopenthefirstrestaurantandtofrychickenaccordingtothesecretrecipehehad.ColonelSaundershadknockedon1008doorsbeforehefinallyfoundhispartner.itisdoubtfulwhethermanyofuswouldhavehadtheperseverancetoknockevenahundreddoors.
Fromtheabovediscussionwecandrawaconclusionthatsuccesscomestoanyonewhokeepsworkingperseveringlyandlackofperseverancecanonlyresultinfrustrationandfailure.
英语论文格式参考范文第12篇
英文论文
【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势
英文原声电影听说教学步骤
(一)准备阶段
1.教师准备。
(1)电影取材。
选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。
电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。
电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。
另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。
如美国电影《冷山》(theColdmountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。
而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。
(2)知识准备。
在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。
教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。
2.学生准备。
学生主要是知识准备。
学生可根据老师提供的影片和相关问题，上网搜集影片信息，了解故事梗概和相关背景。
这样在观看影片时学生就可以将更多的精力放在词汇和难点的理解上，而不是花费大量的时间来理解情节。
(二)学习阶段
在影片放映的过程中，老师可以适当间断放映并提供不同的任务让学生来完成以达到学习的目的。
主要方式为：(1)文化信息植入。
如影片突出体现了文化和宗教上的知识，教师应及时给与相关内容的补充，以加深学生的印象。
如影片《为戴茜小姐开车》(DrivingmissDaisy)，教师可以植入种族歧视的相关文化内容，而如影片《宾汉》(Ben-Hur)则需植入宗教文化知识。
(2)讨论。
教师可在放映过程中就相关情节和人物关系进行提问，并且让学生分组讨论，最后自由发言。
该方式有助于锻炼学生的口语和自主学习能力。
(3)抢答。
教师可设计一些问题让学生进行分组抢答，并最终给予回答正确问题较多的组以适当奖励。
但需留意问题难度要把握好，不能太难，以免挫伤学生的积极性，无法达到锻炼学生口语水平和反应能力的效果。
(三)反馈评估阶段
此阶段，学生根据影片内容进行知识的归纳总结并自我反思。
教师可以根据影片内容进行相关测试并布置作业来监控学生的学习效果，具体的方法有：1.角色扮演。
学生可选取自己感兴趣的一段电影片断进行角色扮演，并在过程中锻炼自己的临场发挥能力，提升自己的口语水平。
2.台词背诵。
教师可要求学生选取经典台词进行背诵，要求尽量模仿主人公的语音语调和情感，借此机会改进自己的语音语调。
3.写作练习。
教师可布置与影片揭示的人生哲理相关的作文话题让学生写作文表达自己对主人公、情节或者主题的见解，锻炼书面表达能力。
4.字幕翻译。
教师可去掉中文字幕，截取部分英文字幕让学生进行现场翻译，截取内容可以是俗语、俚语或较长较难的句子，让学生通过翻译字幕了解一些口语中的通俗表达，同时锻炼自己的翻译能力。
电影教学步骤、程序和环节缺一不可。
其流畅的教学过程可以有效地提高学生听、说、读、写、译等多方面的语言能力。
英文电影教学存在的问题及趋势
首先，当前英文电影教学缺乏统一的教学要求，导致教师只能凭借自己的知识体系和文化知识进行课堂设计，由于缺乏统一的模板和要求，有时难免出现教学上的偏差。
其次，影视教学耗费大量课堂时间。
这与课程的紧张安排势必发生冲突，放映电影占用大量的课堂时间的问题短期内难以解决。
第三，影视教学尚无统一的测试评估体系，其学习效果的检验缺乏可操作性，很难保证学习的延续性和有效性。
根据以上情况，笔者认为英文电影教学应从以下几方面着手改进：一是建立统一的教学要求，做到有章可循，把握方法进度，避免出现偏差。
条件成熟时可撰写出版相关教材，探索英文电影在大学英语听说课程中的具体实施办法，注意事项以及相关教学内容和要求。
二是培养高素质专业化教师队伍。
英文电影教学对教师提出要求，包括全面的知识结构，较高的文学素养，专业的艺术鉴赏力，较好的计算机操作能力，高超的双语能力，并且深谙外语教学理论，运用教育心理学上好英语电影教学课程，教会学生在欣赏电影的过程中真正掌握英语知识，培养跨文化交际能力，提高英语水平。
三是建立标准化的统一测试体系。
没有科学的测试体系就很难引导教学。
英文电影教学应立足于语言的际应用能力培养和国际交往，建立统一的测试体系，填补影视教学测试标准的空白。
英文原声电影具备文化特色，贴近生活，内容丰富，能让学生接触到最地道真实的英语，因此，通过观赏原声英文电影学习英语是学习英语的极好途径，它既能够提高学生的听力和口语水平，激发学生的学习动力和热情，也能帮助学生了解西方的风俗民情和价值观，同时也能够陶冶情操，提高鉴赏力，培养跨文化交际能力，提高个人素质。
英文原声电影教学的最终目的是全面提高学生的英语综合应用能力。
因此，教师应当通过合理的教学安排和观后活动来加强学生学习的效果，通过活动将知识的输入和输出结合起来，提高学生自主学习的能力，真正发挥英文电影教学的优势。
随着教学改革步伐的加快，我们将会面临更多的挑战，必须不断开拓创新，进一步更新教学模式和理念，培养更多高素质复合型外语教学人才。